Cinema History:

It is the artist of songs or a musician has been gaining popularity and finally gain a foothold in the musical Olympus, as it is prohibitively increasing vanity is automatically transferred to the big screen.

"From childhood, - said Lollobrigida - I felt a passion for drawing My first drawings were published in a children's magazine "Mickey Mouse" when I was 13 years old Movie was pretty casual employment I was intrigued by them, but really did not like So as soon as possible back to the visual arts "

Logically it would be if the story of three different heroines show this strange, often not always observed, the relationship of human destinies, lives and objects that surround us. But no, the creators of fantasy have been just enough that in 1926 th year Virginia Woolf wrote the novel, which reads 1951-year-Laura Brown, whose son in 2001, should get an award for his contribution to the literature

A few days later in the "Masters" International Film Festival in Toronto for the first time in the Americas show the film of Alexander Sokurov's "Moloch" Б?  miserable life, full of complexes of a named Adolf Hitler. As with all films of this director, "Moloch" hard, started his journey on the screens

Throughout the first century of its existence, the cinema, usually skillfully used the latest achievements of science and technology. Sound, color, wide screen become an integral part of modern cinema, even after long periods of trial and error

Despite a storm of protest, . induced the painting "Birth of a Nation" in 1915, . Hollywood in the next 50 years has not made virtually no changes in its policies toward black actors, . still putting them in the role of slaves, . servants and criminals,

female director Susan Seydelman, . "In desperation, seeking Susan" (1985) Penny Marshall,

The main task of Hollywood 1990 is that, while satisfying demands young audience, adults will not disappoint the audience, which grew into super and other entertain-Kalovka. In search of solutions manual studios turned to the traditional plot lines of Hollywood genres

By the mid 1970's in America has developed an extremely oppressed the atmosphere caused by the defeat in the Vietnam War and the resignation of President Nixon after the Watergate scandal. The gloomy mood of Americans are reflected in a number of impressive films. Such pictures, . as "Conversation" (1974) by Francis Ford Coppola, . "Chinatown" (1974) Roman Polanski, . "One flew over the Cuckoo's Nest" (1975) Milos Forman and "Taxi Driver" (1976) Martin Scorsese, . were part of the second "golden age" in the history of Hollywood,

Cost of production of films continues to grow. The film is James Cameron's "True Lies" (1994) cost approximately $ 100 million and was advertised as the most expensive in the history of cinema

Today's Hollywood film directors much better known to movie fans than their predecessors. On account of such masters as Oliver Stone, Jonathan Demme, John Hughes, Ivan, Reitman and Robert Zemeckis, a lot of popular paintings

Among the films of this kind, enjoyed the greatest success with the public, you can select TV series "Star Wars" trilogy Lucas and Spielberg's Indiana Jones. These adventure tape became known as the super

With 1970's dominant position in Hollywood, took a new generation of filmmakers, dubbed "kinootpryskami". They are expensive "blockbuster" are designed primarily for young readers

The products of the world film industry, now has a broader audience than ever before. An increasing number of pictures taken in different countries, distributed on video and displayed on television

most of its history English film was in the shadow of Hollywood. Therefore, despite the fact that he gave the world many artists and beautiful pictures, always seemed as if he is in deep crisis. And yet, thanks to the efforts of such film companies, . as "Goldcrest", . "Hendmeyd Films" and "Palace Pictures", . as well as television stations Channel 4 and BBC "-2, . British film industry today is in many ways feels better, . than in previous decades,

Since 1970, the European film gave the world many notable paintings and directors. Increasingly common is the co-production, when the means and the actors for the film is not one country, two or more

world's largest film industry, India has. It publishes annually more than 900 game tapes, while Hollywood - an average of about 270

In 1906 in Australia, was withdrawn by the first-ever full-length feature film "The True Story of Ned Kelly". However, the demand for local film production for a long time remained low, since Australian cinemas were filled with Hollywood and British paintings

In Africa, the films produced in the late 1890's,. The most advanced film industry on the continent was in Egypt

Hollywood and European cinema and to this day dominate the world film market. However, since the 1970's to the fore more confidently extend many of the national cinema of Latin America, Africa, Asia and Australia. Game tapes produced by the film industry in these regions have only recently become available to a wide international audience. Film festivals and chamber theater, along with TV and video provided an opportunity to get acquainted with all that is best in world cinema, a large number of spectators.

"New wave" 1960 demonstrated directors and the audience that the movie can entertain, inform or promote different ideas, without the need for a holistic story. It became clear that the film does not necessarily entice the viewer clever dialogues, polished performance of the actors or high-quality decorations

Since 1947, the power in Czechoslovakia belonged to the communists, so that most of the films were soaked in Czechoslovakia in the socialist realism. However, in 1965-1967 the authorities have taken a more liberal attitude towards cinema

After the Second World War, German cinema has long been in the shadows. Only in 1962, Alexander Kluge founded the movement "Young German Cinema, designed to stimulate creative approach to film direction

Italian cinema has gained in the 1950-1960-s own "new wave", called the second kinorenessansom. Its major figures were Federico Fellini and Michelangelo Antonioni

Hollywood in the 1960's faced with problems. Filming in the Hollywood have become so expensive, that many American films shot in Europe now, where everything was much cheaper.

English film industry has also undergone a considerable change in the years 1950-1960. Getting them was laid in 1954, when Kerel Race and Lindsay Anderson founded the movement "Free Cinema"

In 1950 some young enthusiasts of French cinema bored refined razvlekalovki marching in most cinemas around the world. From their point of view, this trend in the cinema has been deprived of creative energy and imagination, and they nicknamed him "sinemadyupapa" ("Papa's cinema"). By the end of the decade Party Critics, . which included Francois Truffaut, . Jean-Luc Godard, . Claude Chabrol and Eric Rohmer, . started making his own movies, . designed to prove, . that cinema can not only entertain the audience, . but also to awaken thought, . pushing for action,

1960 was a decade tremendous changes. New views on sex, fashion, and politics were bound to be reflected in film, painting, literature, music. Everywhere the filmmakers began to abandon the fundamental principles of constructing a plot, used more than half a century. French filmmakers, in particular, led the crusade against the plot predictable, the actors playing surface and the manner of romance, which was typical for most of the paintings of that time.

Many stars display the "Golden Age" have retained their popularity after the Second World War, . but they already had to share the love of the audience with the new Hollywood talent, . such, . as Ingrid Bergman, . Elizabeth Taylor, . Grace Kelly, . Marilyn Monroe, . Kirk Douglas, . Gregory Peck, . Charlton Heston and Burt Lancaster,

By the end of 1950's Hollywood has changed beyond recognition. In place of "kinomogolam" came to the administrators of large business corporations

In a desperate attempt to turn film viewing into a memorable event for viewers directors have resorted to all sorts of tricks. Among them were also experimenting with "smelling" movie

filmmakers soon discovered that a wide screen allows them to combine in one frame of the characters and what surrounds them. Now with the help of deep-shooting methods are able to shoot a scene longer plans

Hollywood's main weapon in the fight with television became widescreen epic. Starting with the painting King Vidor's War and Peace "(1956) developed a series of so-called" blockbuster "movies, which abound expensive sets, lavish costumes, star of performers, and often thousands of extras

Another such film pioneers as William Freese Green and the Lumiц?re brothers, experimented with stereoscopic, or three-dimensional image on the silver screen. They devised a system by which the two films, painted in red and blue-green color, simultaneously projected onto a screen for viewing through special glasses with similarly colored glasses

In the 1950's television could amuse the audience, only black and white image on the small screen. So kinobossy came to quite a natural conclusion that you can return to the cinema audience, offering them a colorful widescreen spectacle, and yes even with stereo sound

and problematic pattern, and the so-called "black" movies were popular in most of the audience and critics. However, the right policy to treat them with abhorrence, since, from their point of view, in these films sometimes excessively extolled honesty and decency of ordinary workers and big business has been criticized for corruption and brutality

The origin of this variation of the criminal genre painting was laid by John Huston The Maltese Falcon (1941). It appears before the audience a sinister world where the rights of greed, betrayal, lust and passion

Due to lower attendance at film showings studios hurt the growth of production costs and the court verdict, prohibiting them from having their own network of cinemas. This meant that they were now deprived of the guaranteed rental of his paintings and had to compete with each other for screen time

1946 became Hollywood's biggest box-office year in its history. However, a few months later, he plunged into deep crisis, . caused by the necessity of reorganizing studios, . changes in audience preferences, . and government investigation, . down in history as the Hollywood "witch hunt",

In England, this period also starred a very spectacular picture. They were mostly historical romance, heroic films about the war and the so called ilingskie comedy, mildly teased the English national character

France, took considerable time out to recover after the Second World War. As a result, the French filmmakers themselves were reluctant to shoot pictures of the events and consequences of the German occupation

Kurosawa was one of four filmmakers at that time who made an invaluable contribution to world cinema. The Indian director Satyajit Ray got carried away the art of the screen, watching the film "Bicycle Thieves"

Japanese film produced outstanding paintings in the period of silent films, however, outside the South-East Asia, few people knew about the existence of these masterpieces. The situation changed dramatically after the historical drama by Akira Kurosawa's "Ra-Semon" won the Golden Lion at the Venice Film Festival in 1951

Italy, 1948. Directed by Vittorio De Sica

Dzavattini urged directors not to get melodramatic plots, but to concentrate their efforts on the image of real drama, played out daily in the lives of ordinary people. He encouraged the involvement of the main roles nonprofessional actors and shooting on the streets and homes of ordinary working

After the Second World War, cinema has changed. A growing number of filmmakers want to be a realistic reflection of reality in his paintings. The increasing popularity of international film festivals also helped to educate viewers from different countries with the work of a new generation of filmmakers. Cesare Dzavattini leading Italian screenwriter and film critic, who was one of those who stood at the origins of neo-realism emerged in the 1940's.

During the Second World War (1939-1945) film industry had not only entertain viewers, but also to inform the public. These British bands playing, such as, "How was your day?", In its realism approaching documentary

In the early sound era filmmakers such large countries as China or India, it was not very easy to work because of the many dialects and languages spoken by their people. However, Indian cinema has made great progress soon

In the era of silent films were created many impressive documentaries. However, the advent of sound gave the genre a new impetus

In the mid 1930's was a brief period when the most serious rival to Hollywood has become the biggest consumer of its products - UK. True, the majority of British paintings filmed cheaply and quickly, only to meet the requirements of the law on the quota, according to which 20% of screen time in the UK was to be filled by the British film industry

More than anything in this French film industry has succeeded. Since the French directors were not bound hand and foot studios or policies of the authorities, they were able to continue their bold experiments that distinguished the French school of cinema in the late 1920's

Birth of sound film threatens to weaken the position of American cinema in the world market. It has enabled other countries to create their own film industry, capable of producing films in their native language

Walt Disney made his debut in the animated series of shorts called "Laf-O = Gramz", created in conjunction with his regular partner Yubom Ayverksom. In 1923 they moved from Kansas to Hollywood, where the shot cartoons "Alice's Adventures in Animation" and "Oswald - happy bunny"

Animated film - is the oldest form of "living pictures", originating from the optical toys of the XIX century. The first animated film to receive wide recognition, was tape J

The largest of the studios was MGM, which asserts that it has more stars than the sky. She specializes in bright and cheerful family pictures

When Hollywood opened up the production of sound pictures, he quickly regained its reputation for staging the most high-end film production, which made it the capital of world cinema in the era of silent films. 1930 Б?? 1945 became the "golden age" of Hollywood

In dotelevizionnuyu age going to the cinema was a family event, so the films created in such a way that they liked the viewers of any age. However, some paintings were intended specifically for young audience

Go to the sound film was so expensive that Hollywood was forced to seek sources of funding to apply to banks and other business institutions. Instead, some of them expressing the views of various religious organizations demanded that the film studios to avoid sensitive topics

Some European filmmakers such as Renц? Clair and Sergei Eisenstein, as well as a number of Hollywood filmmakers, meanwhile trying to find the sound more original application. Ernest Lubich, King Vidor and Lewis Milestone among the first in Hollywood began to take effect without a sound, moving camera, and then, after the shooting, voice film

In contrast to the sound, the color is not immediately gained a strong position in the global film industry and many bands are still produced in black and white, or monochrome, as it is called, the option until the 1970's. This is partly explained by the fact that most directors prefer to shoot in monochrome film, as the images in this case, leaving more subtle and air

It was developed multiple sound systems, but the "Mogul", trying to avoid a repetition of "patent war", have agreed to all of its studios and cinemas to use a single system for recording sound on film - "Photophone". However, although the sound studios and helped to overcome the financial difficulties, he also created a number of other problems, because the actors, plots, ceased to move

However, by mid-1920's the company, Warner Brothers, is facing serious financial difficulties. He was not the first who spoke or sang in the movie, but the fact that a fictional character uses speech instead to express their feelings through gestures and facial expressions, made a powerful impression on the public

Inventors of cinema does not have the intention to leave their offspring dumb. For example, William Dixon tried to connect my peep show with the phonograph (a kind of player)

With the advent of sound film transformed. "Kinomogoly" called talkies his service to return visitors who are tired of patterns and endless title of the "great mute" back in theaters

Audio transformed the film. Film industry has developed in almost all countries, since each people like to watch movies in their own language. Many beautiful pictures were filmed in Europe, appeared on the stage, young cinema in Africa, Asia and Australia. Nevertheless, the capital of world cinema remains Hollywood. It was created not only many of the most popular films of all time, but new technologies that have turned this movie into magic.

So, just what some 30 years, filmmakers from different countries - Mц?liц?s and Porter, Griffith and Eisenstein - turned the "living pictures" of the new-fashioned attraction in a highly developed art form. However, by 1927 the public, especially the U

"Bronenosey Potemkin-USSR, in 1925, directed by Sergei Eisenstein. The effect of this impressive picture unfolds in 1905, during a revolt on board the Russian battleship Potemkin and the subsequent events in the nearby port of Odessa

Before the First World War, cinema played a very minor role in the lives of most Russians. The situation changed dramatically after the 1917 revolution, when the new government headed by Lenin, who declared that "of all the arts is an important film, and sent out a movie-making groups across the country on trains and river boats

By the end of the First World War, the French film industry was in ruins, completely lost its former leader. However, in France found critics and directors, firmly intending to restore the reputation of national cinema

co-writer "Cabinet of Dr. Caligari" has become a leading German playwright Carl Meyer

Germany, 1919. Directed by Robert Vince

With the outbreak of World War II, many European film studios have closed, because few politicians of that era was able to see in the movies invaluable tool for raising the morale of the nation. In contrast, film material were confiscated, as some used in film and chemicals used in military industry

Louis Feuillade was not only one of the first creators kinoserialov, but undoubtedly the best among them. This series consisted of a series of thematically related episodes screened weekly

While Hollywood asserted itself as the center of American film industry, the European film industry was in crisis after World War. In the period from 1914 to 1918 the production of films in many countries to a halt, which helped Hollywood to strengthen its position and become the cinematic capital of the world

Much of their first decade of the cinema remained fairground attraction or program numbers music hall. But in 1905, Harry Davis and John P

With the advent of sound film in 1927 interest in the silent cinema was lost almost immediately. Such a sudden decline of the silent cinema is unique in the history of art

male actors of that time in terms of popularity was not so lucky, with the exception of comedians - Charlie Chaplin, Buster Keaton, Laurel and Hardy. Nevertheless, among the most famous movie stars can be identified exotic lovers - Rudolph Valentino and Roman Novarro, ruddy "neighborhood guys" - Richard Barthelmess and John Gilbert, Lon Chaney horror king, . Well, . certainly, . Cowboys - William S. Hart and Tom Mix,

After the First World War, America has undergone dramatic changes, an integral part of her life, steel cars, radio, the tabloid press and a new trend in music called jazz. The younger generation of Americans view 1920 as the beginning of a new era and resolutely got rid of many of them seemingly outdated cultural traditions that existed before the war

"Kinomogoly" sought to give entertainment products of superior quality, but did not want to risk letting the picture, the commercial success of which was questionable. In order to reduce this risk to a minimum, they began to focus on certain genres of films

In 1914, with the beginning of the First World War film industry in many countries around the world came to a standstill, since many of those who work there, were conscripted. However, America entered the war only in 1917, and Hollywood could use the lack of competition to establish their dominance in the global film market

In 1907, when Griffith was carried away cinema, world cinema was on the brink of chaos. This world is largely controlled by the inventors involved in the creation of projection equipment

Griffith, deeply stung by such criticism, attempted to restore its reputation by releasing next year a very complex picture, entitled "Intolerance". The film consisted of four plots, the action which took place at different times and in different places - in ancient Babylon, when the life of Christ, in France the XVI century and in contemporary New York

By 1913, Griffith got tired of making short films that are not enabling him to fully demonstrate their art filming. Most of the filmmakers of the time believed that the viewer can not sit on a session that has lasted over 15 minutes, but Griffith has a different point of view

Building on the achievements of their predecessors - the pioneers of art films, Griffith began to break up a scene on the set filming frames, varying the distance and angle shooting, to make the action more dramatic. In addition, to create maximum tension, he gradually stepped up the pace of the parallel installation, until the action is not reached its emotional peak

In 1907, David Wark Griffith offered to play in a film by Edwin S. Porter 'Rescued from an eagle's nest ". And although initially he did not like the movies, then within a year he took 61 short film. Griffith was considered one of the most promising directors of America. By the end of 1913 on his account was already more than 450 tapes, and not without reason called Shakespeare screen. Today his work is showing very rare, but Griffith entered the history of cinema as a brilliant director, creator of a new cinematic language, used by most of his colleagues until the 1960's.

Brothers Lumiere and Melies filmed their movies remote stationary camera to capture all of the whole. Soon, this method is hopelessly outdated

Among the spectators present at the first session Lumiere, was a Georges Melies, a magician, who thought that the movie can be successfully used in its genre. Realistic Picture of Louis Lumiere, people and events made a great impression on Mц?liц?s

As most of the early movie projectors were operated handle, the obturator is often moving too slowly on the screen between shots appeared a black stripe, resulting in a constantly flashed. Movies of the time even called flicker (from the English word "flicker", which means "flicker"), and many so called them to this day

First sound motion picture camera was kinetograf, made by William Dickson in 1894. It was a successful combination of various devices (including Maybridzha and Murray) and was provided with a mechanism of intermittent motion, or Skachkova mechanism

first projected image represents a picture drawn on a into a "magic lantern" plates. They were made of glass so that light can pass through the image, projecting it through the lens to the screen

Now let's poprisutstvuem on the very first cinema performance. The audience has just watched as the workers leave the factory gates Lumiц?re at lunchtime. For this film, followed by another 9 shorts, . showing the child for food; goldfish, . floating in an aquarium, playing cards; Rights, . bathed in the sea, the ship, . entering the dock, street scene, blacksmiths, . working in the forge, . and, . lastly, . overturning wall,

the palm belongs to Louis and Auguste Lumiere, have shown a film at a scientific conference in March 1895. Later that spring, Major Woodville Letem for payment shown on Broadway in New York, a film about boxing

In 1872, photographer Edward Maybridzha asked to find a way to install, takes out a horse, going at a gallop, in a moment from the ground, all four hooves at once. Six years later, after numerous experiments, he has still to prove it with 12 cameras placed along the finishing straight Californian racetrack

Although the picture had existed since the end of 1820, to create a machine capable of making a sufficient number of photographs to capture the continuity of action, it was extremely difficult. In 1870, inventor Henry Gale succeeded by his fazmatro Pas create the illusion of motion, but only by careful selection of images, approximately on the same principle as the chosen posture for man of the "miracle-notebook"

Despite the fancy titles, toys, described below, are based on simple optical illusions. You can easily make them yourself

Today, it is difficult to, . that such simple toys, . as taumatrop, . fenakistoskop and zoetrop, . could play such an important role in bringing cinematic era, . especially when, . that they could use only a few people at a time,

Try waving a lighted torch in a dark room. Do not you think that you can see traces left by them? Now look out the window or on a bright object, and then quickly zazhmurtes

In the middle of XVII century priest named Atanazius Kircher, in his book "The Great Art of Light and Shadows" describes, . how the main components of the camera obscura can be combined into a single device, . capable of projecting an image with a transparent plate on the wall or screen,

principle of its operation was opened in VIII century in China. Scientists noticed that the light passing through a small hole in window shutters, cast on the wall outside the room upside-down image of landscape

Laterite Magica - Magic Lantern "was one of the most important vehicles in the history of cinema, the predecessor of both camera and film projector.

In the 1780's Scotsman Robert Barker has invented a new optical attraction, which he called the "Panorama". At its heart lay an artificial illumination, which allowed animate large canvases with images of battle scenes or ordinary city streets

play of light and shadows of people still fascinated by the ancient Greeks. Around the year 360 BC Greek philosopher Plato described in his book "The Republic" as the moving shadows

Imagine a winter Saturday night, 100 years ago .

History of cinema began, surprisingly, even in ancient Greece, with the so-called moving shadows. Many centuries later, in the XIX century, inventors and entertainers have jointly established industry moving pictures with all sorts of stunts and special effects. First created animated films, but soon there were photographs. He was born Hollywood, famous silent film stars. Although the films of that era were shown without sound, talented directors and artists transforming them into highly entertaining spectacle.